A generic drug is defined as being ‘identical or bioequivalent to a brand name drug’ 1. Generic is also a term applied to a drug marketed under its chemical name alone without any advertising, such as when a patent expires but a drug company wishes to continue to sell a product as a generic version. Generic drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) need to meet the same rigid standards as the innovator drug.
It must:
- Contain the same active ingredients as the innovator
- Be identical in strength
- Have the same use indications
- Be bioequivalent
- Meet the same batch requirements for identity, strength, purity and quality
- Be manufactured under the same standards of FDA good manufacturing practice regulations
In 1984 the US Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act standardised the procedure for generic drug recognition. An applicant files an Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) and has to demonstrate to a specified, previously approved ‘reference listed drug’2. Once an ANDA is approved, the FDA adds the drug to the Approved Drug Products list also known as the ‘Orange Book’ which shows the link between the generic and the reference listed drug (innovator). In order to show that a generic drug is bioequivalent to an innovator drug it must display comparable bioavailability when studied under similar experimental conditions3.
Bioavailability is the rate and extent to which the active ingredient is absorbed from a drug product and become available at the site of drug action and bioequivalence refers to equivalent release of the same drug substance from two or more drug products or formulations4. The premise underlying this 1984 law is that bioequivalent products are therapeutically equivalent and, therefore, interchangeable.
The Morphologi G3-ID Automated Particle Analyser
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Image 1: Morphologi G3-ID
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The Malvern Morphologi G3-ID (Image 1),combines the capabilities of a Morphologi G3 particle analyser with a Raman spectrometer option resulting in a single platform measuring particle size, shape and chemical identity. The Raman spectrometer uses a 785 nm laser allowing the spectral range 150 cm-1 to 1850 cm-1 to be acquired with a 4 cm-1 spectral resolution. The spectrometer accessory is coupled using fibre optics to the Morphologi G3 allowing Raman spectra to be acquired.
In addition to reporting the standard morphological parameters, the Raman capability on the Morphologi G3-ID enables the chemical identification of particulates in a dispersed sample. In a situation where particles in a multi-component sample all present a similar morphology, chemical information might be the only way to distinguish between the particles of interest for evaluation.
The extra chemical information permits creation of chemical classifications from which component- specific particle size distributions are determined. This can provide extra compositional information about samples that can be invaluable in research and development or investigative situations.
Malvern Instruments received samples of innovator and generic tablets of a dual active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) product. The interest was in investigation of the particle size distribution (PSD) of each of the APIs upon tablet disintegration as this would be expected to have a significant effect on the subsequent bioavailability of the drug.
Method
The tablets provided contained the same dosage for the two APIs. Both of which were practically insoluble in water. This was therefore used as the dissolution/disintegration media, with the presumption being that the API particles would remain mostly undissolved. One tablet of each (generic and innovator) was dissolved in 100 ml of water. 2 ml was subsampled and diluted with a further 20 ml of water. 2 ml of this suspension was pipetted onto an aluminium coated microscope slide and allowed to dry overnight.
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Figure1: Reference API Spectra
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The particle size and shape data were collected and analysed with automated image analysis, with settings determined and stored as a standard operating procedure. A spectral reference library was created for the sample by taking point spectra of the ‘pure’ components, Figure 1.
For this analysis, the size range of interest was between 1 and 10 mm and Raman spectra were acquired from only particles in this size range. The particle spectra were preprocessed to minimise baseline variation then correlated to the spectral reference library. The more similar a particle spectrum is to the library component, the closer the correlation score is to 1. Final particle classification was based on their designated chemical identity and the particle size distribution.
Results
Based on an analysis of morphological parameters from the particle image results alone, the two APIs could not be differentiated. The particles were too similar in shape.
| Figure2: Scattergram of API score values and example images from each class |
The inclusion of Raman spectroscopic information for chemical identification readily differentiates between the two APIs, as demonstrated in Figure 2. This scattergram plots the correlation scores for the two API components against one another. API 1 and API 2 are clearly separated via the Raman data. Also shown in the figure are example particle images.
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Figure 3: Overlay of API PSDs for both tablets
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Once the two API populations can be differentiated, it then becomes possible to determine the individual PSDs from the blends. Figure 3 shows the overlay of the circular equivalent diameter (CED) distribution by number of each API from the chemically defined populations. There appears to be fewer small particles of API 1 in the generic tablet than the innovator tablet. The API 2 PSDs appeared to overlay well for the two different tablets.
| Figure 4: Classification chart showing API classes by percentage count |
Figure 4 and Figure 5 show classification charts comparing the two API classes for the two tablet types in percentage count and percentage volume, respectively. The tablets contain equal amounts of each API in their formulations, but the innovator appeared to contain a higher proportion of API 2 compared to API 1 than the generic tablet, for the samples analysed.
| Figure 5: Classification chart showing API classes by percentage volume |
A comparison of these in vitro results to in vivo data could provide further information as to whether this observed difference effects the actual bioavailability of the generic drug product and hence its bioequivalence to the innovator product.
Conclusion
Automated particle imaging and Raman spectroscopy in one instrument allows Morphologically Directed Raman Microscopy to be performed. This allows the individual components present within a blend or mixture to be independently characterised and compared. Such a tool can be used to gain better product understanding across many areas of the pharma industry from regulatory to troubleshooting. It is not, however, limited to pharmac alone and is also applicable to other samples which have Raman spectra.
References:
1. “Food and Drug Administration. Generic Drugs: Questions and Answers” Food and Drug Administration, August 2011, http://www.fda.gov/drug s/resourcesforyou/cons umers/questionsanswers/ucm100100.htm
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Generic_drug#cite_note-26
3. “Orange Book Annual Preface. Statistical Criteria for Bioequivalence”. Approved Drug Products with Theraputic Equivalence Evaluations 29th Edition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 18-06-2009
4. Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, section 505(j)(8)